GSH detoxifies H?O?, lipid peroxides, methylglyoxal and pesticides. It protects proteins via glutathionylation and drives the ascorbate–glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle that regenerates ascorbate from dehydroascorbate.

By being converted to GSH, γ-glutamylcysteine helps scavenge oxygen free radicals, detoxify reactive oxygen species, modulate enzyme activity, take part in metabolism, and strengthen immunity.

Future work should focus on optimizing NR formulation and enhancing its metabolic stability to unlock its full clinical potential.

As research progresses, citicoline could assume a larger role in preventing cognitive decline and bolstering mental performance, giving the public a new, evidence-backed option for brain maintenance.

Yet two understated all-rounders—glutathione (GSH) and carnosine—rarely grab the headlines, even though they quietly solve some of skin’s biggest headaches.

Accumulating evidence suggests PQQ may eventually be recognized as an essential vitamin-like factor for humans.

Adenosine—an endogenous nucleoside—has emerged as a promising topical active ingredient.

Glutathione (GSH), a key non-enzymatic antioxidant in plants, not only maintains cellular redox homeostasis but also, when applied exogenously, effectively boosts seed vigour, offering a practical solution to poor germination under adverse conditions.

Citicoline is a key neuroprotective molecule that markedly counters neuronal damage. When neurons face oxidative stress, it exerts powerful protective effects.

Phosphocreatine (CP) is one of the key substances involved in cellular energy metabolism in the human body.

The naturally occurring compound S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) is emerging as a promising hepatoprotective agent, with a recent systematic review providing robust evidence for its use.

Nicotinamide riboside (NR), a key form of vitamin B3, has emerged as a focal point in sleep research because of its ability to modulate NAD? levels and improve sleep-related physiological processes.

Mechanistically, citicoline—an endogenous phospholipid precursor—repairs damaged cell membranes, inhibits glutamate excitotoxicity, and boosts neurotransmitter levels.

With more data on women, endurance athletes, and older adults, ATP may soon become the rising star of sports supplementation.

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), a key component of the mitochondrial electron-transport chain and a lipid-soluble antioxidant, has shown multidimensional potential in obesity management, opening new avenues for prevention and treatment.

In recent years glutathione (GSH), a natural antioxidant, has attracted growing attention for its potential in post-harvest preservation. Studies on the cultivar ‘Sabrina’ strawberry provide a clear picture of how GSH functions and how effective it can be.

With continued progress in food-processing technology and cost control, carnosine is poised for scalable application as a multifunctional ingredient that delivers both health benefits and commercial value across functional foods, quality enhancers, and targeted nutrition products.